PERKEMBANGAN TAMADUN ISLAM

Arab Jahiliah

Penduduk Arab sebelum Islam menganut pelbagai kepercayaan dan agama. Agama yang dianut terdiri daripada agama samawi, iaitu Kristian dan Yahudi, ajaran Nabi Isa dan Musa (a.s.) serta agama hanif (ajaran Nabi Ibrahim (a.s.), manakala kepercayaan-kepercayaan yang diamalkan adalah seperti menyembah berhala, api, matahari dan sebagainya yang dipanggil sebagai amalan Jahiliah.Perkataan "Jahiliah" dari segi etimologinya berasal daripada kata kerja bahasa Arab "jahila" yang bermaksud jahil, bodoh dan tidak berilmu pengetahuan. Dari segi terminologinya, jahiliah merujuk kepada kejahilan masyarakat Arab sebelum Islam dalam bidang akhlak dan keagamaan kerana dalam bidang-bidang lainmereka telah pun maju seperti pemiagaan, binaan, kesusasteraan pertanian dan sastera.

Tamadun manusia yang tertua di dunia dapat dikesan dan ia lahir di lembahTigris-Euphrates, Iraq kira-kira 5000 tahun yang silam. Selain tamadun Islam,tidak dapat dipastikan titik permulaan dan peralihan sesuatu tamadun secara tepat malah tidak jelas asal-usulnya. Tamadun Islam, bermula apabila berlaku peristiwa penerimaan wahyu yang pertama oleh Nabi Muhammad s.a.w daripada Allah s.w.t. melalui malaikat Jibrail (a.s.) pada bulan Ramadan tahun 610 Masehi, ketika baginda berusia 40 tahun. Ketika baginda dilahirkan, Semenanjung Arab berjiran dengan tamadun-tamadun terkemuka dalam sejarah, iaitu tamadun Greek dan Byzantin di sebelah utara, tamadun Iran (Parsi) di sebelah timur, tamadun India di sebelah tenggara, dan tamadun Aramaik-Hebrew dan Aryan di sebelah barat laut. Perkembangan tamadun Islam di dunia Arab boleh dibahagikan kepada empat peringkat, iaitu zaman Rasulullah dan al-Khulafa al-Rashidin (610 M - 660 M), zaman Bani Umaiyah (660 M - 750 M), zaman Bani Abbasiyah (750 M - 1261M), zaman Bani Mughuliyah (Monggols) dan zaman Bani Uthmaniah (1261 M -1924 M). Kekuatan pengaruh tamadun Islam turut menyumbang ke arah tercetusnya pembaharuan di Eropah dan seterusnya perluasannya hingga ke Kepulauan Melayu.

Zaman Rasulullah S.A.W dan sahabat

Zaman Rasulullah S.A.W. dan al-Khulafa' al-Rashidin (r.a.) merupakan zaman model tamadun Islam. Pada prinsipnya tamadun Islam selepas zaman awal Islamdicorakkan berdasarkan zaman model ini.Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. lahir pada 12 Rabi' al-Awwal tahun Gajah, bersamaan20 April tahun 571 Masehi dari kalangan bangsa Arab Quraisy. Sifatnya yang jujur dan amanah menyebabkan baginda dikenali sebagai al-Amin (yang jujur) di kalangan masyarakat pada ketika itu. Pada 17 Ramadan bersamaan 6Ogos tahun 610 Masehi baginda mendapat wahyu yang pertama daripada Allah s.w.t., sekali gus rasmilah pelantikan Baginda sebagai Rasul Allah.

Selama 13 tahun berikutnya Baginda menjalankan dakwah di Makkah yangbertemakan tauhid, iaitu mengesakan Allah s.w.t. dan menentang segala bentuk syirik, khurafat dan tahyul. Pada tahun 622 Masehi baginda diperintahkan supaya berhijrah ke Yathrib kerana menghadapi tentangan yang hebat dari segi fizikal dan kejiwaan daripada orang kafir Quraisy. Mulai dari penghijrahan ini Yathrib dikenali sebagai Madinah al-Nabi (bandar nabi).  Di Madinah, usaha-usaha dakwah Rasulullah secara kasarnya tertumpu kepada:-

1. Membina dan menyusun masyarakat serta negara Islam.

2. Memelihara dan mempertahankan masyarakat dan negara Islam.

Bagi melaksanakan usaha-usaha ini:

a - Beberapa perjanjian telah diadakan

1.      Perjanjian Aqabah I (antara isinya orang Madinah berikrar tidak akan mensyirikkan Allah s.w.t, mencuri,  berzina, membunuh anak dan menolak perbuatan baik)

2.      Perjanjian Aqabah II (mempersaudarakan orang Muhajirin dan Ansar)

b - Meletakkan prinsip dan dasar pemerintahan Islam iaitu pembentukan Piagam Madinah (Sahifat al-Madinah) yang mengandungi 47 fasal yang menekankan konsep taqwa dan kesatuan.

Setelah Rasulullah S.A.W. wafat pada tahun 632 Masehi bermulalah kerajaanyang dipimpin oleh Sahabat-sahabat Nabi yang dikenali sebagai al-Khulafa' al-Rashidin. Zaman ini diwakili oleh empat orang Khalifah, iaitu:

1. Khalifah Abu Bakr al-Siddiq - 632 Masehi (r.a)

2. Khalifah 'Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 Masehi (r.a)

3. Khalifah 'Uthman ibn al-'Affan - 444 Masehi (r.a)

4. Khalifah 'Ali ibn Abi Talib - 655 Masehi (k.w)

Zaman ini menyaksikan keempat-empat Khalifah (r.a.) meneruskan usaha-usaha dakwah yang dilakukan oleh Rasulullah dan meletakkan al-Qur'an dan al-Sunnah sebagai rujukan dan asas dalam menjalankan pemerintahan.

Pada masa pemerintahan Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, beliau telah berjaya mewujudkan keamanan dengan menumpaskan golongan yang enggan membayar zakat dan mereka yang mendakwa diri mereka sebagai nabi selepas kewafatan Rasulullah.

Pada masa pemerintahan 'Umar ibn al-Khattab (r.a.) dengan kekuatan tentera yang dimiliki, wilayah Islam mula berkembang ke Syria dan Mesir dan berjaya menundukkan pemerintahan Romawi di timur dan menghancurkan pemerintahan Farsi di Iraq. Pada masa pemerintah 'Uthman ibn al-'Affan (r.a.) pula kerajaan Islam terus berkembang luas sehingga ke Afrika di bahagian barat dan Turkistan di Timur. Antara usaha penting 'Uthman ibn 'Affan ialah pembukuan al-Qur'an menjadi sebuah mashaf yang lengkap. Pada masa pemerintahan 'Ali ibn Abi Talib(k.w.), ilmu sains dan matematik mula diperkenalkan.

SUMBER DISINI

They Must Not Use Weapons!

(Mawlana Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani speaks with someone on the phone:)

This is Allah’s Shari`ah, Divine Law. If you do not hold on to Allah’s Shari`ah, it will be of no use. We stand up for Allah’s Shari`ah however much we can. There is a remedy for everything. Nowadays, all people are clashing with each other: in Turkey, in Damascus, Syria... it’s a complete mess! By Allah (swt)’s permission, this is a sign for the coming of Mahdi (a).

The battle will occur! These battles, clashes, conflicts between the unbelievers and the mu’mins will undoubtedly take place. (...) Let them recite. Those who take to the streets must refrain from shouting in vain, but rather they should recite, “Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! (O Victorious One, Who is never defeated)

Let us see if their weapons are more powerful or ours; it will eventually be clear. These are new instructions that are coming down; our instructions for all Muslims. They must not use weapons; we do not need weapons! Instead, they should walk by reciting this zhikr. When they are ordered to stop (by the officials), they should stop and recite (from where they are standing) (...) They must not use weapons but they should recite this as they are walking: “Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Let them recite this. Do you understand? No one has a weapon more stronger and more powerful than this. Then afterwards, they should go on to recite, “RabbunAllah, HasbunAllah!RabbunAllah, HasbunAllah! RabbunAllah, HasbunAllah! RabbunAllah, HasbunAllah!” And see if any of their forces will remain! I will sort them out one by one! No need for weapons. When they (the officials) tell you to remain where you are, stop walking, then begin calling out, “Yaa ghaaliban ghayra maghloob! Yaa shaahidan ghayra ba`eed? waajid(3x) (Mawlana Shaykh Adnan Kabbani: Mashaa-Allah, futuhat!) Yaa qareeban, yaa mujeeban, yaa qareeban ghayra ba`eed! (O Close One, never far away). This will be enough to have their hearts explode.

Angels will surely descend on Sham. They must not use weapons! Grandshaykh (q) once told me that Sham will be surrounded by 700 angels, 700 jinn, and 700 Budala, Nujaba, Nuqaba, Awtaad, Akhyaar; they will descend on Sham and give them what they deserve. Our spiritual support is hazir, ready there! (Shaykh Hisham Kabbani and Shaykh Adnan Kabbani: Aamanna wa sadaqna! Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar!) (...) They invited us to be there too. Okay, so be patient.

Lefke, 23.04.2011 (translated from Turkish)

SUMBER DISINI

Teori-teori kedatangan islam datang melalui India, China, ataupun terus dari Arab atau Parsi.

1 .      Teori dari India

Sarjana-sarjana tidak sependapat tentang dari kawasan manakah India tersebut sebagai tempat asalnya Islam di rantau ini. Kebanyakan hujah-hujah untuk menegakkan teori ini hanya mengemukakan abad ke-13M sebagai tarikh bermulanya Isam  Nusantara, walhalnya proses islamisasi sudah pun berjalan sejak abad pertama Hijrah lagi.

2 .      Teori dari China

Penemuan Batu Bersurat di Terengganu yang bertarikh 1386 (sebenarnya bertarikh 1303M) disamakan dengan batu nisan Champa Selatan. Menurut Dr. Abdul Jalil Hj. Hassan, dalam cacatan sejarah Chau-Ju-Kua (1225M) terdapat negeri islam yang disebut sebagai ‘Fo-lo-an’. Bagi Paul Wheatley, besar kemungkinan Fo-lo-an ini ialah Kuala Brang di Terengganu yang menjalankan perniadaan dendan orang Arab di samping Srivijaya. Dengan terjumpanya Batu Bersurat  (1303M) di Kuala Brang tersebut, nyatalah betapa pentingnya peranan Terengganu sebagai kawasan pengaruh Islam ketika itu.

3 .      Teori dari Arab/Parsi

Mubaligh-mubaligh lama Islam di daerah ini pun terdiri dari orang-orang Arab atau Arab/Parsi, seperti yang ternyata pada gaya nama dan gelaran mereka masing-masing. Kandungan faham keagamaan yang dibawa oloh mereka adalah bersifat Timur Tengah, bukan India. Misalnya kedudukan dan cara penghuraian akidah-akidah pelbagai mazhab ilmu tasawuf, peribentuk tulisan jawi dan corak beberapa huruf-hurufnya, nama gelaran bagi hari-hari mingguan, cara melafazkan al-Quran dan lain-lain menyatakan ciri-ciri tegas bangsa Arab, bukan India, sebagai pembawa dan penyebar asli agama Islam di rantau ini.

Sumbangan Tamadun Islam

KEAGUNGAN sesebuah empayar atau bangsa banyak bergantung pada pencapaiannya dalam Hasil kegiatan ilmiah ini melahirkan ramai tokoh ulama, ahli bahasa, sastera dan tokoh dalam bidang ilmu yang lain, termasuk bidang astronomi, astrologi, matematik, perubatan seni muzik dan falsafah. Kesan dan pengaruh kegiatan ilmiah ini terhadap dunia luar amat besar.

        Berbicara mengenai Baghdad yang diasaskan oleh al-Mansur pada 762 Masihi atau nama asalnya Madinah al-Salam, tentunya tidak lupa untuk pelbagai bidang. Pencapaian ini, akhirnya menjadi sumbangan tamadun manusia kepada peradaban dunia yang kekal mempengaruhi perjalanan masyarakat dunia sejak dulu hingga kini.

Lihat bagaimana besarnya sumbangan tamadun dunia seperti Mesir, Mesopotamia (Babylon), Yunani, Rom, Parsi, China, India, Jepun, Eropah dan paling penting, tamadun Islam dengan keunggulannya berbanding tamadun lain yang pernah dibina dan dicatat dalam sejarah dunia.

       Bagi Malaysia, dalam usaha menyusun perancangan untuk melayakkan kita mencapai taraf masyarakat hadhari, 10 prinsip digariskan sebagai panduan mencapai matlamat itu. Antara prinsip paling asas adalah keimanan dan ketakwaan kepada Ilahi; kemerdekaan jiwa daripada sebarang bentuk belenggu; penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan; keseimbangan pembangunan ekonomi, keutuhan akhlak serta budaya dan keampuhan sistem pertahanan.

        Prinsip ini juga yang mendasari tamadun Islam dan menjadikan ia berbeza dengan tamadun lain di dunia.

     Tamadun Islam yang berasaskan prinsip suci, contohnya yang diwakili oleh Kerajaan Bani Ummayyah (Damsyik: 41-133 Hijrah/ 661 -750 Masihi. dan Andalus: 139-423 Hijrah./756-1031 Masihi) dan Bani Abbasiyyah (Baghdad: 132-656 Hijrah/750-1258 Masihi) memperlihatkan keunggulan yang tidak terbanding.

KESAN TERHADAP KEMAJUAN

1    1)      Kemajuan dalam bidang ekonomi.

pembangunan ekonomi merupakan titik keperihatian ramai bijak pandai kerana pembangunan berkait rapat dengan soal pembaikan taraf hidup,factor-faktor ekonomi tidak dapat dipisahkan kerana ia mempengaruhi pembangunan social secara langsung.

  Pembangunan ekonomi banyak membantu menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang berkait dengannya seperti kemiskinan, keperluan asasi manusia seperti makanan mencukupi dan memenuhi zat yang diminum, keupayaan mendapat tempat pekerjaan demi menyara keluarga, dan lain-lain petunjuk social yang bersangkutan dengan suasana kehidupan yang sempurna telah dinikmati oleh glongan rakyat.

2     2)      Kemajuan dalam bidang politik.

Islam pada dasarnya memainkan peranan besar dalam politik Malaysia. Penglibatan Islam dalam politik di Malaysia dapat dibahagikan kepada beberapa jangka masa. Era yang pertama pada zaman pasca kemerdekaan. Penglibatan Islam agak menonjol hanya kepada negeri-negeri yang mejoriti Melayu seperti Kelantan, Terengganu dan kedah. Ini kerana, pemikiran politik barat seperti ideology sosialisme dan liberalisme agak kuat mendominasi pentas politik arus perdana. Pada ketika era ini, politik islam hanya berjaya mendapat tempat dikalangan para penduduk luar bandar.

  Namun, kebangkitan islam yang benar-benar memberikan impak kepada pentas politik Malaysia hanya terjadi pasca revolusi Islam Iran pada awal tahun 20-an, dimana timbul pelbagai gerakan islam bukan sahaja parti politik, tetapi juga gerakan-gerakan dakwah seperti Al-Arqam dan Abim yang turut mendominasi pergerakan sosiopolitik Malaysia. Kesedaran islam pada era ini adalah begitu hebat dimana setiap gerakan islam mengambil inspirasi dari kejayaan revolusi Islam Iran.

3     3)      Kemajuan dalam bidang pentadbiran.

Dasar Penerapan Nilai-nilai islam dalam Pentadbiran adalah sebahagian daripada pelbagai usaha Kerajaan Malaysia untuk memasukkan unsur-unsur Islam dalam pentadbiran dan kehidupan rakyat Malaysia.

  Bagi masyarakat Malaysia yang terdiri daripada rakyat pelbagai kaum dan agama dan menjalani cara hidup yang berbeza-beza, pengalaman nilai-nilai yang dapat dan diterima oleh semua rakyat adalah menjadi asa penting dalam usaha ke arah membentuk identity dan perpaduan. Tanpa nilai yang universal ini rakyat akan terdorong untuk menerima dan menyanjung nilai-nilai lain yang sangat asing bagi masyarakat Malaysia.ini akan menyebabkan kesetian rakyat Malaysia serta identitinya sebagai satu warganegara akan menjadi kabur dan maruah bangsa tidak dijunjung tinggi dan mungkin mereka akan memperkecil-kecilkan Negara dan bangsa sendiri.

4     4)      Kemajuan dalam pendidikan.

Pendididkan agama islam di Malaysia bermula sejak sekian lama dahulu. Menggunakan bahasa arab sabagai bahasa pengantar diajar oleh mubaligh-mubaligh Arab yang berdagang di Tanah Melayu masa itu. Pendidikan pada masa itu (tidak dijalankan secara formal dan sistematik dengan system silibus yang seragam). Silibus adalah berdasarkan Al-Quran,Sunnah dan hadith. Contoh system pendidikan agama di Malaysia ialah di rumah guru, system pondok, system madrasah dan dasar pelajaran kebangsaan. Seterusnya kategori sekolah di bahagiakan kepada dua peringkat iaitu peringkat sekolah dan peringkat tinggi.

SEJARAH KEJATUHAN TURKI UTHMANIYYAH

PENDAHULUAN

Sebelum Khilafah umat Islam bertukar kepada Khilafah Uthmaniyah, umat Islam berada dibawah tampuk pemerintahan Khilafah Abbasiyah. Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah adalah kekhalifahan kedua Islam yang berkuasa di Baghdad (sekarang ibu kota Iraq).

Kekhalifahan ini berkembang pesat dan menjadikan dunia Islam sebagai pusat pengetahuan dengan menerjemahkan dan melanjutkan tradisi keilmuan Yunani dan Parsi. Kekhalifahan ini berkuasa setelah merebutnya dari Bani Umayyah dan menundukan semua wilayahnya kecuali Andalusia.

Berkuasa mulai tahun 750 dan memindahkan ibukota dari Damaskus ke Baghdad. Berkembang selama dua abad, tetapi berada diambang kemusnahan apabila beberapa faktor penting yang menyumbang kepada kejatuhan khilafah Abbasiyah.

Antara faktor kejatuhan Khilafah Abbasiyah adalah disebabkan serangan tentera Tartar yang melumpuhkan pemerintahan Khilafah Abbasiyah di Baghdad. Disebut oleh para ulama’, antara sebab penting kejatuhan Khilafah Abbasiyah juga adalah disebabkan umat Islam pada ketika itu diserang dengan pengaruh hiburan yang melampau yang diserap masuk oleh pihak musuh.

Disebut oleh Ibnu Kathir di dalam kitab beliau “Bidayah wan Nihayah”, umat Islam diakhir pemerintahan Abbasiyah begitu teruk diserang dengan hiburan yang melampau.

Sehinggakan suatu ketika sambutan hari raya, mereka lupa untuk menunaikan solat hari raya kerana terlalu lalai dengan sambutan hari raya tersebut. Itu diantara yang disebut oleh Ibnu Kathir yang menyebabkan kejatuhan Khilafah Abbasiyah.

Sehinggakan pada tahun 565 H/1258 M, tentera Tartar yang mempunyai kekuatan sekitar 200 ribu orang tiba di salah satu pintu Baghdad. Dan Khilafah Abbasiyah jatuh ditangan tentera Tartar kerana mereka tidak mampu untuk membendung kemaraan tentera Tartar.

PEMBINAAN KHILAFAH UTHMANIYAH

Kerajaan Turki Uthmaniah mula dibina selepas kejatuhan Khilafah Abbasiah pada 1260 M. Banyak yang dicatatkan di dalam sejarah berkenaan kegemilangan Khilafah Uthmaniyah

Antaranya ialah ketika tahun 1453M, iaitu ketika Sultan Muhammad al-Fateh berjaya membebaskan kota Konstantinople setelah hampir beratus-ratus tahun Umat Islam tidak berjaya membebaskan kota tersebut. Ketika itulah disebut sebagai zaman kemuncak Khalifah Turki Uthmaniyah sehinggalah berlaku beberapa perkara yang menyebabkan kejatuhan Turki Uthmaniyah.

PERANCANGAN MUSUH UNTUK GULINGKAN KHILAFAH UTHMANIYAH

Kerajaan Islam sering berhadapan dengan serangan-serangan, terumanya serangan daripada tentera Salib. Akhirnya, setelah 730 tahun berlalu, akhirnya tentera Salib menemui jalan buntu.

Apa yang tidak boleh dilupakan oleh mereka ialah pengalaman pahit dan ngeri semasa berdepan dengan tentera Solehuddin al Ayyubi, terutamanya peristiwa kekalahan teruk mereka dalam perang Hittin sehingga Palestin berjaya ditawan kembali oleh Solehuddin al Ayyubi pada tahun 583 Hijrah. Bagaimanakah negara negara bersekutu Salibiyyah mengakhiri episode ini? Adakah dendam kesumat mereka selama ini berbalas? Apakah kaedah terbaru Freemasonry untuk menghancurkan Islam?

1. Antara rancangan mereka untuk menggulingkan Khilafah Uthmaniyah antaranya ialah Freemasonry telah menubuhkan PemudaTurki pada tahun 1860 M, yang berfungsi kononnya membawa kebebasan kepada pemerintahan berdemokrasi, yang bertujuan mengurangkan kuasa khalifah.

 2. Mewujudkan Dewan Menteri, pada zaman Khalifah Abd Majid I yang kebanyakannya dianggotai oleh Freemasonry bagi menjadikan khalifah itu hanya pada jawatan semata-mata, bukan pada kuasa dan fungsi

3. Menyebarkan agenda pembaratan Turki sehinggakan agenda ini turut mendapat sokongan daripada Khalifah Abd Aziz, yang akhirnya digulingkan oleh Freemasonry sendiri dan kemudiannya dibunuh oleh mereka.

4. Penubuhan Ittihad wat Taraqqi yang memainkan peranan penting dalam mencetuskan pemberontakan tentera pada bulan Julai 1908M, bagi menimbulkan huru hara di peringkat pemerintahan seterusnya menyebabkan Khalifah Abd Hamid II digulingkan.

5. Pelantikan Kamal Attartuk sebagai Panglima Tentera yang telah dijadikan sebagai peluang bagi Freemasonry untuk menggulingkan Sultan Muhammad ke Enam. Kamal Attartuk berjaya meraih pengaruh daripada umat Islam sendiri sehinggakan mereka melupakan peranan khalifah.

6. Merancang sebuah peperangan antara Kamal Attartuk dan Tentera Yunani yang diakhiri dengan kemenangan Attartuk. Akhirnya beliau dilihat sebagai hero, dan pengaruhnya banyak dibantu oleh media massa Freemasonry sendiri.

7. Pada 28 Oktober 1922M, telah diadakan Muktamar Luzan yang diakhiri dengan satu keputusan oleh Majlis Kebangsaan Turki,supaya Sultan Muhammad ke Enam dipecat daripada jawatan Sultan dan sistem khalifah dimansuhkan.

8. 3 Mac 1924, secara rasminya, Kamal Attartuk mengumumkan penghapusan sistem khilafah, mahkamah syariah ditutup, pengasingan sistem pemerintahan dan sebagainya.

 SUMBER DISINI

Di sini juga saya sertakan beberapa gambar sebagai rujukan SIAPAKAH UTMANIAYYAH yang sebenar.(SUMBER GAMBAR DISINI)

The birth of Islam in Mecca and the emergence of the first Islamic state in Medina, is a historic moment for the birth of a new civilization that has changed the history of the world. Civilization has not only managed to change the pattern of life and culture of Pre-Islamic Arabs who owed ​​passion and ignorance to a new way of life rooted in morals and high civilization but it also changed the geo-political world.

With the care and guidance of the Prophet and later continued by his companions (ra), the population of the Arab nations and descendants successfully consolidated with the bond of faith and brotherhood Islamiyah. They appear to be a moral people, competent and ready to sacrifice for the sake of Islam. Within a short time, the power of the Roman and Persian formerly underestimate the Arabs now have to bow to the authority of Islam. Therefore, from the 7th century to the 18th century, the world was dominated by and seen as key by the Islamic civilization. During that period, especially in the 9th century to the 13th century, history has recorded how Islamic civilization has produced many eminent scholars in various forms of knowledge.

At that time, the progress of science and technology and other fields of knowledge possessed by the Islamic world there are no unmatched by any race or country. In every capital city of Islamic rule, especially Baghdad (in Asia), Cordova (in Europe) and Alexandria (in Africa), scientific and cultural activities take place with splendid and all walks of life participated. Many scholars and students from abroad, especially from the Christian nations of Europe came to learn and explore various fields and disciplines.

1.1    Time of the Prophet

Historical growth and development of Islamic civilization began in the Prophet Mohammed's time period is divided into two periods, namely period Makkah and Madinah period. Both times are very significant differences in terms of growth. Mecca is the basic time period in which the formation of Islamic civilization emphasis on spiritual, mental and moral society. Medina period is the time to build a better community and country as well as the forgiveness of God.

a.    Makkah

Concentration given by the Prophet in Makkah is more of a preparation of cadres steady and strong in the face of evil kuffar extremist factions and Pagans (because it allows the freedom to implement the teachings of Islam or preaching commanded by God). In fact, they act brutally against the Muslims, who was then very few in number. 13 years are critical times and healed for Muslims. Penghijraan happened to Ethiopia and Taif did not have much space and the success of the Muslims. They suffered various forms of torture and threats but firm and confident with the newly professed faith. They are thick and the initial generation of home educated by the Prophet

b.    Medina

Migration to Medina to declare a number of changes to the Muslims towards more advanced and successful in all areas of life based on the principle of faith. AH also heralded the implementation of sharia celestial comprehensively cover the social, political, religious and others. After a foot in the Medina, the Prophet was performing the following steps:

i.    Social

As an apostle and leader of the Arab nation, Muhammad managed to compile and organize the social stratification of the Arabs from negative to positive. Consolidation that has never existed in the dictionary Arabs living has become a reality with the advent of the Prophet even their lives for the better   peaceful.For example, efforts to unite between the Ansar and the immigrants so that each is willing to make any sacrifice for the common good. The status of women are upheld when they are allowed to receive before this estate because they do not have any rights.

ii.    Politics

According to Ibn Hisham markings, "Sahifah al-Madinah" or the Charter of Medina founded after the establishment of the Holy Mosque. The Charter consists of an agreement between the Muhajirs and the Ansar and the people of Medina who races like Aus, Khazraj and the Jewish tribe of Bani Qainuqa and Banu al-Nadir.

iii.    Economy

The Messenger update zakat, tax Rich, fai 'and kharaj. Jews are capitalists who control the economy of Medina at the time. They make money without moral reckoning. Hence the Prophet encouraged Muslims to get involved in the business of breaking the monopoly that had been done by Jews. In this way Muslims can break the financial network of the Jewish trap poor people by providing loans on high interest rates. Messenger also pay attention to the field of animal husbandry and agriculture.

SUMBER DISINI

SUMARRY
Of the various terms of the civilization that despite differences in interpretation, it clearly looks tetatpi menunjunkkan mutually reinforcing and strengthening each other. Based on anecdotal pergertian-pergertian the concept of civilization should be viewed from a broad perspective including achievement and high moral conduct and progress of the placement and perfect facilities.
However, the concept of civilization is often understood human society is now more focused on matters relating to the placement and perfect facilities alone (material) and even worse when progress is linked de4ngan symbols of luxury. Actually the culmination of a civilization is not reflected by the spillover of luxury but the atmosphere of prosperity as Umran expression used by Ibn Khaldun. It can be summarized that the purpose of civilization is the excellence and progress in all aspects of life, whether material or spiritual nature.

BANI  UMAIYYAH The Bani Umayyah

 The Bani Umayyah had been sworn enemies of the Bani Hashim since the time when Hashim, the forefather of our Prophet  , had succeeded in banishing his evil half-brother Umayyah from Makkah.

The Bani Umayyah started tormenting the Prophet  immediately he began to spread Islam. Abu Sufyan was their leader. He led the wars of Badr and Uhud against the Muslims......

1. Mu'awiya son of Abu Sufyan

When Imam Ali (AS) was asked by all the Muslims to become Caliph in 35 A.H., one of the first things he did was to ask Mu'awiya to forego his governorship of Syria and give an account of his actions. Mu'awiya, however, wanted the Caliphate himself, and claimed that he was an independent authority and not under the Muslim state.

This led to the battle of Siffin, which came to an unsatisfactory conclusion in 37 A.H. Some of the factors leading to the success of Mu'awiya in Syria were the following:

i.The excuse of revenge for the murder of Uthman.

ii.The battle of Jamal led by Ayesha.

iii.The uncompromising nature of Imam Ali's (AS) faith.

iv.The murder of Imam Ali (AS) by Abdur Rahman ibne Muljam.

v.The cunning and treacherous nature of Muawiya himself.

After the death of Imam Ali (AS), Mu'awiya turned his attention to Imam Hasan (AS). Just as his father had done, Imam Hasan (AS) wrote to Mu'awiya telling him that the crimes he was committing against innocent Muslims were unacceptable. Imam Hasan (AS) asked the Kufans to assist him in battle against Mu'awiya.

However, the Kufans were either bribed or threatened by Mu'awiya, and being very fickle people, they deserted Imam Hasan (AS). At the gathering ground of Nukhayla, only 4,000 men turned out to fight and Imam Hasan (AS) was forced to return to Kufa disappointed. To save the lives of the few sincere Muslims, Imam Hasan (AS) had to sign a treaty with Mu'awiya.

Mu'awiya arranged the murder of Imam Hasan (AS). He promised Ju'da binte Ash'ath, a wife of Imam Hasan (AS), 100,000 dirhams and the hand of his son Yazid in marriage if she poisoned her husband. The cursed woman carried out the evil task and Imam Hasan (AS) breathed his last on 7th Safar 50 A.H.

Muawiya, may Allah's Curse be on him always, finally died in Rajab of 60 A.H.

2. Yazid son of Muawiya

In 60 A.H. this devil declared himself ruler of all Muslims. Yazid was a man of extremely evil habits. He was a drunkard, gambler, womaniser and murderer. He only ruled for 3 years. In the first year he killed Imam Husain (AS) and his companions in Karbala and made their women and children prisoners.

During the second year he ordered his soldiers to enter Madina and do what they liked. As a result, 1,000 people were killed, including 700 close Companions of the Prophet (p.b.u.h). In addition 1,000 women were assaulted and forced to surrender their dignity to Yazid's men. In the third year, Yazid mounted an attack on the Ka'ba, aiming to destroy it with giant catapults.

3. Mu'awiya the Second, son of Yazid.

Mu'awiya the Second was aware of the rights of the family of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) and of the terrible crimes committed by his own father and grandfather. He therefore told Imam Zainul Abideen (AS) that he was transferring authority to him. His decision disgusted his mother so much that she told Muawiya, "I wish that I had discharged you as a miscarriage and never given birth to you." To this he replied, "I too, wish that that had been the case so that I would not be associated with Yazid, Muawiya and Abu Sufyan." Because of his refusal to continue in the way of his forefathers, Mu'awiya was soon poisoned and died only 4 months after coming to the throne.

4. Marwan bin Hakam

In 64 A.H. the line of kings of the Umayyad dynasty moved from the descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Marwan. He ruled for only 9 months and during this time he was occupied in war against the group of Abu Sufyan on one hand and Abdullah ibne Zubayr on the other. As a result, he did not get much opportunity to persecute the Shia. However, he continued the policy of cursing Imam Ali (AS) from the pulpits. He also gave shelter to the killers of Imam Husain (AS) who were being hunted now that Yazid was dead.

5. Abdul Malik bin Marwan

Abdul Malik succeeded his father in 65 A.H. and ruled for 21 years. He became the ruler of Syria while Abdullah ibne Zubayr took over Arabia. Between the two of them they managed to kill the two groups of people who had risen to take revenge for the murder of Imam Husain (AS). The "Penitents" led my Shia like Sulayman bin Sard Khuzai'i were killed by Abdul Malik while the group led by Mukhtar was killed by ibne Zubayr.

Abdul Malik finally managed to kill ibne Zubayr and take control of the whole Muslim Empire. One of the worst crimes he committed was to turn a blind eye to the activities of his governor, Hajjaj bin Yusuf. Hajjaj was the worst tyrant in the whole history of the Bani Umayyah. He was responsible for the deaths of 120,000 innocent people. He tortured and killed such notable companions of Imam Ali (AS) like Qambar, Kumail bin Ziyad and Sa'id bin Jubayr.

During this time it was safer for the Muslims to call themselves the enemies of Islam rather than the Shia of Imam Ali (AS). Abdul Malik was so grateful for the services of Hajjaj that he gave him full control of Iraq and Arabia to do as he liked. When Hajjaj died, his prison contained 50,000 men and 30,000 women.

6. Walid bin Abdul Malik.

In 86 A.H. Walid succeeded his father Abdul Malik. Walid was a cruel tyrant who continued to favour Hajjaj and give him free rein. He dismissed the popular governor in Madina, Umar bin Abdul Aziz and put Khalid bin Abdullah in his place. Khalid was an unbeliever whose mother was a Christian. This man built a church for his mother behind the Ka'ba. He allowed Christians to keep Muslim slaves.

7. Sulayman bin Abdul Malik

Walid died in 96 A.H. after ruling for 10 years and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman. Sulayman was a glutton and fond of women. 

Sulayman killed him because Musa had sent all the spoils of war to Walid and had not kept it till Sulayman came to the throne. He also killed Waqtiba bin Muslim who had conquered territories from Fars to China for the Muslim Empire. His reason for killing Waqtiba was that the man had encouraged Walid to remove Sulayman from the office of crown prince.

Sulayman used to shower blessings on Mu'awiya, saying that he had never come across anyone more bold than him in matters of cruelty, crime and oppression. He called Mu'awiya the True Spirit of the Bani Umayyah. Sulayman died in 99 A.H. after ruling for 2 years and a few months and was succeeded by Umar bin Abdul Aziz.

8. Umar bin Abdul Aziz

After the death of Sulayman bin Abdul Malik in 99 A.H., the reins of power were taken up by Umar bin Abdul Aziz. He was the one king in this dynasty whose actions were worthwhile.

One of the greatest deeds of Umar bin Abdul Aziz was that he stopped the abusing of Imam Ali (AS) from the pulpits at the time of Friday prayers. Because of the influence of his childhood teachers, he had grown up with love and respect for the Ahlul Bayt (AS). Instead of the customary curses, he ordered that the following verse be recited:

Verily, Allah commands to maintain justice, kindness and proper relations with relatives; and He forbids indecency, sin and rebellion. He gives you advice so that perhaps you will take heed.

Surah an-Nahl, 16:90

9. Yazid bin Abdul Malik.

Yazid was the next king and he did his best to overturn all the good actions of his predecessor. Under his rule, the old harsh ways of terrorisation and unfair taxation were revived. Yazid also seized Fadak back.

Like his maternal grandfather, Yazid the First, this Yazid was also fond of easy living, drinking and women. His rule came to an end after 4 years.

10. Hisham bin Abdul Malik

Hisham came to power at a time when the crimes of Bani Umayyah were finally causing widespread resentment. Hisham did not take heed of these feelings, and instead of attempting to reform the evils of his forefathers, he added to the misery of the people. His policies towards the Shia were especially harsh. He ordered that they should be got rid off, their blood be shed and their rights be taken away.

During the time of Hisham a revolution was led by Zayd son of Imam Ali Zainul Abideen (AS). 15,000 Shia supported him but they deserted him when the fighting started. At the end Zayd was left with only 300 men and after a brave fight, he was killed. The body of Zayd was treated very badly by Hisham who refused to allow it to be buried and hung it at Kufa.

11. Walid bin Yazid bin Abdul Malik.

Hisham died after ruling for 19 years and was succeeded by Walid. Walid was a shameless and foolish man, and he was fond of a pleasurable life, wasting it on wine, adultery and hunting. He was the first ruler to introduce professional singers into his court.

He is famous for having publicly shot arrows at the Qur'an. By this time, the days of the Bani Umayyah were numbered and the voice of outrage against these useless rulers rang everywhere.

To add to this, the Bani Abbas began a campaign to topple the Bani Umayyah. After Walid's death, three more rulers came to power briefly, but they ruled for only a short time before the sun set on this cruel dynasty forever. These rulers were:

12. Yazid bin Walid (6 months).

13. Ibrahim bin Walid (4 months).

The development of Islam in the Age of Khilafat

Contents Contents 1 How Political Development and Governance During the Khulafa 'al-Rayidun? 2 How Development Culture and Civilization During the Khulafa 'al-Rayidun? 1 Politics and Administration During the Khulafa 'al-Rashidun Abu Bakr As-Siddiq 11-3 H / 632-634 AD Caliph Abu Bakr came to office based on the choice that goes very democratic in Bani Sa'idah Tsaqifah conference, meet sound .

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

KHALIFAH THE foursome (KHULAFA'UR-RASHIDIN) history of Abu Bakr ibn Abu Quhafah, derivative children of Taim bin Murrah, son of Ka'b, son Lu'ai, Kalb ibn al-Qurasyi. At Murrah nasabnya Meet the Apostles. mother Ummul Khair Salma bint Sakhr bin Anrir, derivative Taim bin Murra also. He was born in the second year of the elephant, so two years older.

Umar bin Al-Khattab RA

Second Caliph, Smart distinguished between Haq and falsehood Prolegomena Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second Caliph of Islam after the Caliph Abu Bakr.Perlantikannya is testament than the Caliph Abu Bakr. His full name is Umar b. Al-Khattab b. Naufal b. Abdul Uzza b. Rabah b. Abdullah b. Qarth b. Razah b. Adiy b.Ka'b. In.

Uthman RA

Third Caliph, Angel taste Shame To her Prolegomena `A'ishah reported: The Prophet was sitting in the house with peha or calf exposure. Abu Bakr asked permission to enter the home and has allowed while the prophet who is in this position and he came and spoke to the prophet. Then `Umar asked permission to memasuk. He has been given permission

Ali ibn Abu Talib RA

Fourth Caliph, Lions face God Honored By God When Caliph Uthman ra died, the citizens of Medina and the three forces of Egypt, Basra and Kufa agreed chose Ali ibn Abi Talib as the new caliph. According to history, Ali had refused the inauguration.However, all urged him to lead the people. Pembaiatan Ali was held at the mosque .

SUMBER DISINI 

Conclusions 
Umayyad dynasty is one of Islam is quite famous as rulers of other Muslim. Even at this time, the changes made for the sake of change, at least the courage to get out of the Umayyad Arab tradition in the matter of leadership turnover and transfer of powers from the center of the Arabian Peninsula to Damascus (outside the Arabian peninsula) be a simple proof of the dynamics that occur during the Umayyad rule.The writing on the top, although very briefly give an overview of Umayyad power struggle with all the power dynamics that occur during approximately 90 years, on the one hand has chalked a lot of progress notes for Islam, but on the other hand does not juah different rulers previously, namely the inability to minimize political conflicts, which often resulted in several tragedies battle among Muslims.However, the Umayyad remains an important and interesting part in the history of the Muslims who must continue to serve as a very valuable experience, because not all done it Umayyad ugly, but it also has important side that should be emulated by Muslims. Umayyad power almost a century in leading Muslims, remains an achievement that should diapreasi critically.